(a) Liquefied petroleum gas
Liquefied petroleum gas consists of hydrocarbons such as propane, propylene, butane, and butylene. It is highly flammable and is a colorless gas or yellowish-brown liquid. It is slightly soluble in water and has an odor due to the addition of sulfides and other substances. When the liquefied petroleum gas is converted from a liquid phase to a gas phase, the volume of the liquefied petroleum gas expands to 250-300 times that of the original , and an explosive mixture with air is formed. The explosion limit is 1.5-9.5% .
1 , hazardous characteristics
The vapor produced from the gasification of liquefied petroleum gas is of a large proportion and can easily accumulate in low-lying areas or spread along the ground. There is a danger of burning and explosion in the event of a fire; inhalation of dizziness, fatigue , nausea, vomiting , difficulty breathing, and numbness of extremities at high concentrations. Gloves, socks and tube-shaped sensory disturbances may cause asphyxiation and coma ; direct exposure to LPG leaks can cause serious frostbite.
2. Protection requirements
Wear air respirator, anti-static clothing, insulated chemical protective clothing and spike-free shoes when handling. When direct contact with liquefied gas, cold precautions should also be taken to prevent frostbite. Wear thermal insulation, air respirator or gas mask in the fire, and if necessary, apply water to the body.
3. Disposal measures
( 1 ) Master the scene
After receiving the alarm, it is necessary to ask about the basic conditions of the site, such as the direction of the wind, the location of the leak, the area of ​​the leak, and whether an explosion occurred. After reaching the site, the insider can further understand the situation and basically grasp the leakage tank capacity, actual storage, etc.
( 2 ) Demarcating preliminary warning areas
Using flammable gas detectors to determine the concentration of liquefied petroleum gas, the danger zone was divided as soon as possible, a cordon was established, and traffic control was implemented. If there are no instruments and equipment to be detected, the “white fog†visible at the accident site must not be used as the boundary of the vapor cloud to divide the guard zone. The actual dangerous area is much larger, so it must be as large as possible to ensure safety. In addition, the wind force at the time and the amount of liquefied gas that may leak continuously should be fully taken into consideration when dividing.
After demarcation of the warning zone, all power sources in the warning zone shall be cut off and the open flame shall be extinguished; the high-heating equipment shall be stopped and measures shall be taken to reduce the temperature; the vehicle shall be turned off and the communication lines such as mobile phones of all staff in the warning zone shall be closed.
( 3 ) Assistance to the victim
Before the fire brigade arrives, the persons in the hazardous area should be systematically evacuated as far as possible to a safe area (upwind or upwind direction). Targeted and searched for missing persons, and then search the danger zone in an all-round way to ensure that all personnel are transferred to safe areas; poisoning and injured persons should be promptly taken to the hospital and then taken to the hospital for treatment.
( 4 ) On-site first aid:
The wounded should be quickly detached from the scene, undressing broadband, warm, artificial respiration. (Conditional oxygen should be used, using brain cell metabolizers such as cytochrome C , APT , coenzyme A, and vitamin C , B1 B6 , B12 ; etc. Inspiratory failure may be available for respiratory stimulants such as Kalamin, Lo Bellin et al.)
(B) Chlorine
Chlorine is a yellow-green, highly irritating, highly toxic gas. The maximum allowable concentration in the air is 1 mg/m3 . When it reaches 12.5 mg/m3 , inhalation will immediately die. Chlorine dissolves in water and alkali solutions and reacts with water. It can not burn itself, but it has strong oxidizing property, and it is flammable. It can react violently with reducing substances such as metal powder and has a strong corrosion effect.
1 , hazardous characteristics
When chlorine reacts with reducing substances, a large amount of heat is released, causing a fire explosion hazard. Combustible gases such as hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide or dust form explosive mixtures, which are prone to violent explosions when exposed to heat or open flames. Their products are also hazardous; Heat may also explode.
The vapor produced by the vaporization of liquid chlorine is heavier than air and can easily accumulate in low-lying areas. Inhalation of a small amount will stimulate the respiratory tract and lung mucous membranes, causing bruising, difficulty breathing, reduced pulse, and even sudden death. Direct contact with liquefied chlorine can severely burn skin and mucous membranes or cause frostbite.
2. Protection requirements
When handling leaked or damaged tanks and related equipment, on-site personnel should wear insulated chemical protective clothing and wear air respirators or gas masks. When direct contact with liquid chlorine, precautions should be taken to prevent cold. Rear-disposal personnel also use gas masks to strengthen protection against poisoning.
3. Disposal measures
( 1 ) Find out the situation on site
After arriving at the scene, the insider should first learn as much as possible about the basic conditions of the site, such as the storage of leaking tanks, leaks, leaks, wind force, and the possible diffused area; identify the casualties of the victims. Wait. Create conditions for the disposal of backup personnel.
( 2 ) Demarcate the alert area
In the case of conditions, toxic gas detectors should be used to carry out tests at the scene of the accident to determine the concentration and diffusion range of chlorine, and to establish a warning zone and set a warning sign. It is forbidden for unrelated personnel to enter the warning zone and timely transfer of dangerous goods on site.
( 3 ) Rescuing victims
Measures should be taken according to the site conditions to evacuate all personnel in the hazardous area and control the flow of personnel at the accident site. Persons who have been poisoned and injured should receive on-the-spot emergency treatment in time, and be transferred to ventilation and safety zones.
After the accident is disposed of, the personnel entering the critical area shall be decontaminated and necessary medical examinations shall be conducted.
first aid:
Quickly remove the injured from the scene, move to a well-ventilated place, take off the clothes and shoes and socks when poisoning, pay attention to keep the patient warm, and let it rest quietly.
In order to relieve the patient's breathing difficulties, inhalation of 2 % to 3 % of temperature and humidity baking soda solution or 1 % sodium sulfate solution can reduce the irritating effect of chlorine on the upper respiratory tract mucous membrane.
Rescue should be aware that when patients with chlorine poisoning have difficulty breathing, they should not use manual resuscitation methods such as chest compressions. This is because chlorine has a strong stimulatory effect on the upper respiratory tract mucosa, causing bronchial pneumonia or even pulmonary edema. This type of artificial respiration can make inflammation and pulmonary edema worse and harmful.
Use cardiac agents such as sitilalam, etc. as appropriate.
The nose can be instilled 1 % to 2 % ephedrine, or 2 % to 3 % procaine plus 0 . l % adrenaline solution.
Because the respiratory mucosa is stimulated and corroded, the respiratory tract loses its normal protective function and can easily incur bacterial infections. Therefore, in patients with severe poisoning, antibiotics can be used to prevent infection.
( 4 ) Decontamination treatment:
Basic substances such as sodium hydroxide, ammonia, and sodium bicarbonate are dissolved in water and then sprayed on the surface of the contaminated material with a spraying device to decompose the toxic substances into non-toxic or low-toxic substances through chemical reactions.
The contaminated air can be blown away with a fume exhauster, or it can be temporarily closed to the contaminated area and can be eliminated by natural conditions such as sun exposure and ventilation.
(c) Benzene
Benzene is a colorless and transparent flammable liquid with a special aromatic odor, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. The flash point is -11 °C , volatile, burning with smoke, with the air will form explosive mixtures of gases, the explosion limit of 1.2-8% , with chlorine, hydrogen and other mixing will occur violent reaction. It is easy to generate and accumulate static electricity, has narcotic, toxic and carcinogenic properties.
1 , hazardous characteristics
Benzene vapor is heavier than air, and it is easy to accumulate in low enthalpy. It is prone to combustion explosion in case of fire. If the benzene storage tank is heated, the gas and liquid in the tank will explode and explode, and poisonous gases will be produced during combustion and explosion; direct contact with benzene vapor will cause strong stimulation to eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Symptoms of nausea, nausea, and other symptoms of poisoning may occur. At high concentrations, it may cause lung bleeding, skin irritation, blistering, and even damage to the central nervous system.
2. Protection requirements
According to the physicochemical properties of benzene, after reaching the accident site, when entering the accident area, wear anti-static clothing, insulated chemical protective clothing and spike-free shoes, and wear an air respirator or gas mask.
3. Disposal measures
( 1 ) Find out the accident scene
After reaching the scene of the accident, as much as possible to understand the site conditions, as much as possible the use of gas detector to determine the benzene vapor concentration and diffusion range, in order to determine the alert range ready.
( 2 ) Determine the alert range
According to the detection results, they are divided into warning zones, warning signs are set up, warning officers are placed, and traffic is controlled. It also cuts off power within the warning range, controls all sources of ignition, and prevents explosions.
( 3 ) Rescuing victims
We must actively evacuate people who are not involved in the scene and rescue poisoned and injured people in accordance with the principle of saving people first. If your skin is contaminated, remove clothing and footwear immediately and rinse with plenty of water. Poisoned and seriously injured should be sent to the hospital immediately.
Emergency treatment
symptom:
1 mild poisoning may have headaches, dizziness, tearing, throat, cough, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, gait instability; skin, nails and mucous membrane purple group, acute conjunctivitis, tinnitus, photophobia, palpitations and complexion Pale and other symptoms.
2 Moderate and severe poisoning, in addition to the above symptoms increase, drowsiness, unresponsiveness, mental confusion, etc., but also may quickly coma, pulse speed, blood pressure, body skin, mucous membrane purpura, increased breathing, convulsions, muscle tremor, Some patients may also experience restlessness, euphoria, paralysis, peripheral nerve damage, and even breathing difficulties and shock.
first aid:
1 Inhalation poisoning should be quickly moved to fresh air, warm rest.
2 oral poisoning application 0 . 005 of activated carbon suspension or 0 . 02 sodium bicarbonate solution lavage vomiting, and then served cathartic and diuretic drugs, in order to speed up the excretion of toxic substances, reduce the absorption of poisons.
3 Skin poisoning should be replaced with contaminated clothing and footwear. Wash the skin and hair repeatedly with soap and water.
4 Patients with coma and convulsions should remove oral foreign matter as soon as possible to maintain the patency of the respiratory tract and be escorted to the hospital by a special person.
(d) Formaldehyde
1 , physics and chemistry and danger
Formaldehyde is a colorless and irritating toxic gas with pungent odor under normal temperature and pressure. Flammable, it can form explosive mixture with air, and it is in contact with oxidant and fire. Easily polymerized, with strong reducibility, can reduce metal salt and metal oxide to metal in alkaline solution. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether, the product is a 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, usually called formalin, a colorless liquid.
Formaldehyde strongly stimulates the skin and mucous membranes, coagulates proteins, hardens the skin, and causes local tissue necrosis. Exposure to formaldehyde vapors can cause eye burning sensation, conjunctivitis, conjunctival edema, keratitis, rhinitis, loss of smell, pharyngitis, bronchitis, tearing, runny nose, sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, throat, glottis edema, pneumonia, etc. may occur. Long-term exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde can cause dizziness, headache, fatigue, bilateral asymmetry of sensory disturbances, excessive perspiration, vision loss.
2 , security protection
Keep away from fire and oxidants and prevent sun exposure. Handle it gently to prevent it from leaking. Formaldehyde on the floor can be washed with water and then neutralized with soda ash and rinsed clean. Touch the skin can be washed with water, then scrub with alcohol, and finally coated with glycerin.
(E) Yellow phosphorus
1 , physical and chemical properties and uses
The pure product is a colorless waxy solid that becomes light yellow after oxidation by air and air. Light green phosphorescence is visible in the dark. It is brittle at low temperatures and softens as the temperature rises. Toxic, lethal (oral) 1 mg / kg, maximum allowable concentration in air 0.03 mg / m3. Garlic odor, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in benzene, chloroform, soluble in carbon disulfide.
2 , toxicity
It is a highly toxic type that mainly damages the liver and bones and can also affect other organs such as the kidneys and heart.
3 , the impact of short-term exposure
Inhalation: a few hours dizziness, fatigue, nausea, low blood pressure after inhalation of vapors 2 - 3, upper extremity pain and acute liver injury, renal damage.
Skin: The burn wounds have garlic-like odor fumes on the wound surface. They are tan or black and can reach deep into the bones. Visible in the dark, the wounds are not processed in time and can cause poisoning within -10 days.
Oral: After half an hour of service, there is a burning sensation in the mouth and stomach, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomit and garlic odor in the stool. In a few days, there may be jaundice, liver, kidney damage or death.
4. Effects of long-term exposure
Caused by long-term inhalation of steam and dust from the respiratory tract, early manifestations of nasopharyngeal dryness, congestion, cough, sputum, etc., accompanied by garlic odor, loss of appetite, nausea and liver discomfort, followed by toothache, teeth Peripheral atrophy, deepened periodontal ligaments, wedge-shaped defects in teeth and neck, loose teeth, etc.
5. Fire and explosion
Exposure to the air can ignite spontaneously, catch fire and cause an explosion, and can be extinguished by sand, soil cover, and carbon dioxide extinguisher.
6 , chemical reactivity
Lively nature, nature can not exist in free state, the air easily oxidized into phosphorus trioxide and phosphorus pentoxide, white smoke, moist air can be oxidized to hypophosphorous acid and phosphoric acid, easy to synthesize phosphides with metals, halogens and hydrogen.
7. Personal protection
Inhalation: When the concentration of steam or soot is unknown or exceeds the exposure limit, a gas mask with a yellow flag filter box should be worn.
Skin: Gloves, chemical protective clothing, work shoes should be used to avoid skin exposure.
8 , first aid
Inhalation: After inhaling high concentrations of steam, quickly leave the poisoning site and move to fresh air.
Skin: After the white phosphorus burns the skin, rinse immediately with clean water to completely remove the white phosphorus particles embedded in the tissue.
9 , storage and transportation
White phosphorus should be stored in water and cause death in severe air exposure.
10 , security and handling
When using white phosphorus and its products, it is necessary to strengthen sealing, ventilation and detoxification, prevent running, running, dripping, and leakage, strengthen personal protection, reduce contact and inhale white phosphorus, prevent burns, and develop good hygiene habits. Patients with periodontal, dental, and maxillary bone lesions and chronic liver and kidney disease are prohibited from engaging in phosphorus operations.
(6) Ammonia
1 , physical and chemical properties
Colorless gas, with a very irritating odor. Vapor density: 0.6 , Boiling point: -33.35 °C , Auto-ignition point: 651.22 °C , Soluble in water. Solubility in alcohol is moderate. Explosion limit: 16~25% .
2 , toxicity
At high concentrations, there is alkaline irritation and corrosion on the mucous membranes and skin.
The maximum allowable concentration: 30mg/m3
3 , short-term excessive exposure
Inhalation: A large amount of ammonia can appear after tearing, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, cyanosis, severe cases of pulmonary edema, laryngeal edema or bronchial mucosal necrosis, asphyxia. Under the concentration of 500ppm, a 5-minute death
Eye contact: Liquid ammonia or high concentrations of ammonia can cause burns.
Skin contact: Liquid ammonia can cause burns.
4. Effects of long-term exposure
Prolonged exposure to ammonia at low concentrations can cause eye and upper respiratory tract irritation.
5. Fire and explosion
Ammonia or mixtures of air and ammonia can explode in the event of fire and release toxic fumes of ammonia and nitrogen and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat. This product is flammable. Fireworks and smoking should be strictly prohibited. Use fire water and foam carbon dioxide to extinguish fire.
6 , human protection:
Inhalation: When the concentration in the air exceeds the limit, a respirator must be worn. Respirators should be worn when emergency rescues or evacuations.
Eyes: Wear chemical safety glasses.
Skin: Wear chemical protective clothing and gloves.
7 , first aid:
Inhalation: Rapidly move the patient to fresh air to maintain breathing and circulation.
Eyes: Immediately flush with clean or cold water for at least 10 minutes.
Skin: Immediately remove contaminated clothing Rinse with running water for at least 30 minutes. The wrong-doer gave milk. All patients should ask the physician for collaborative treatment.
8 , leakage treatment points
The evacuation of the contaminated area quickly to the upper wind, and isolated to gas exhaust, cut off the fire source. On-site spray of water containing hydrochloric acid and dissolved in water, followed by extraction, indoor ventilation.
(7) Sulphur dioxide
1 , physical and chemical properties and uses
Colorless gas, irritating odor. Density: 2.3 , boiling point: -10 °C . Used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphites, sulphates and certain organic compounds, bleached pulp, refined petroleum, etc.
2 , toxicity
Is a medium poisonous class. This product is easily absorbed by the wetting surface of the mucous membranes to produce sulfurous acid, which in turn is oxidized to sulfuric acid. Therefore, it has a strong stimulating effect on the respiratory tract and the eyes.
The maximum allowable concentration: 15 mg/m3
3 , the impact of short-term exposure
Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations of sulfur dioxide can cause coughing, burning pains on the nose and throat, hoarseness, and shortness of breath. Inhalation of very high concentrations can cause immediate reflexes to cause suffocation.
Eye contact: Can cause tearing, photophobia, burning eyes. The intrusion of liquid sulphur dioxide into the eye immediately causes corneal opacity, resulting in a bun ( ie, a white spot on the cornea that is shielded from the eye's cornea).
Skin Contact: The liquid is contaminated by the skin and causes skin burns, blisters, swelling, and necrosis.
4. Effects of long-term exposure
Long-term inhalation of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide may cause dizziness, headache, weakness, dry cough, nausea, insomnia, smell and decreased taste. Long-term exposure can also cause emphysema, dental erosion and chronic rhinitis.
5. Fire and explosion
This product is not flammable and does not contribute to combustion.
6 , chemical reactivity
This product dissolves in water and becomes acid. Moist sulfur dioxide is highly corrosive and can corrode metals. However, when it is dry, its corrosion effect is not great.
7. Personal protection
Inhalation: If the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air exceeds the exposure limit, a gas mask with a yellow color filter cartridge (tank) should be worn.
Eyes: With chemical splash glasses.
Skin: Wear acid-proof gloves, chemical protective clothing and work shoes. Workplaces should have available safety showers and eye washing implements.
8 , first aid
Inhalation: Remove the patient from the scene to a fresh air, keep warm and quiet, and oxygen when necessary.
Eyes: Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water or 2% sodium bicarbonate solution.
Skin: Rinse with plenty of water for at least 20 minutes.
9 , storage and transportation
Store in cylinders. Package number is 1 .
(8) Nitrogen dioxide
1 , physical and chemical properties and uses
Red-brown gas, with a pungent odor. At room temperature, it is mixed with N2O4, and nitrogen dioxide is present at high temperature. Density: 1.58 for the production of nitric acid, picric acid, digestive fiber, etc.
2 , toxicity
Is a medium poisonous class. There is a strong oxidation. Acute poisoning mainly causes pulmonary edema and can cause death.
The maximum allowable concentration: 15 mg/m3
3 , the impact of short-term exposure
Inhalation: Respiratory mucous membrane irritation at 70 mg/m3 exposure , sore throat, cough; exposure to 140 mg/m3
Concentration can cause bronchitis and pneumonia; exposure to 220 ~ 290mg/m3 concentration can cause pulmonary edema; inhalation 146mg/m3 soon died.
Eye contact: Irritating to eyes.
4. Effects of long-term exposure
Prolonged exposure to low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide can cause chronic pharyngitis, bronchitis, and neurasthenia.
5. Fire and explosion
This product is not, but it can help combustion, and can not be together with the combustion of materials.
6 , chemical reactivity
This product is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with flammable and reducing substances.
7. Personal protection
Inhalation: If the gas concentration exceeds the exposure limit, a gas mask with a yellow color filter cartridge (tank) should be worn.
Eyes: Chemical protective glasses.
Skin: Use anti-acid gloves, chemical protective clothing and work shoes. Workplaces should have available safety showers and eyewash devices.
8 , first aid
Inhalation: Remove the patient from the scene to fresh air and observe closely for more than 24 hours. During the observation period, rest and rest should be taken and proper insulation and sedation should be performed. It was observed that there was no pulmonary edema before 48 hours.
Eyes: Rinse with water when contaminated.
9 , storage and transportation
Store in a cool place. Packing number 1 (stainless steel), shockproof when transported.
10 , security and handling
The process of producing nitrogen dioxide should be airtight, ventilated and exhausted, and necessary protective equipment provided. Nitrogen dioxide-containing exhaust gas is treated before it is discharged, and environmental protection laws are complied with.
(IX) Sulfuric acid
1 , physical and chemical properties and uses
Colorless, oily, corrosive liquid with strong hygroscopicity. Density: 1.8 , melting point 10.4 °C .