With the rapid development of China's economy, especially the industrial economy, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly prominent, and heavy metal pollution has been on the rise. In response, the state decided to rectify heavy metal pollution as a key task during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. The central government is very determined. For areas with heavy metal pollution, it will be “first limited and then processedâ€.
With the rapid development of China's economy, especially the industrial economy, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly prominent, and heavy metal pollution has been on the rise. In response, the state decided to rectify heavy metal pollution as a key task during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. The central government is very determined. For areas with heavy metal pollution, it will be “first limited and then processedâ€.
As an electroplating industry with serious heavy metal pollution, how to correctly position itself, deeply understand the hazards of heavy metal pollution, and conscientiously take various measures to substantially reduce pollution, with a high degree of social responsibility, the prevention and control of pollution has reached an urgent point.
one. Heavy metal pollution is a characteristic pollutant in the electroplating industry
Electroplating, by its very nature, is the process of plating a metal or metal compound onto a substrate by electrochemical means. The basic raw materials for electroplating are zinc, nickel, copper, chromium and heavy metals such as gold and silver. According to incomplete statistics, China's electroplating industry consumes 100,000 tons of raw material zinc, 100,000 tons of raw material copper, 130,000 tons of nickel and 80,000 chromic anhydride per year. Tons, respectively accounted for 2%, 1.4%, 30% and 80% of the total national consumption.
Due to the principle of electroplating, these metals cannot completely become the coatings we need. A considerable part of them will become pollutants in electroplating wastewater, sludge, and some gasification to form harmful gases, forming heavy metal pollution to the environment. . Taking chrome plating as an example, the average plating efficiency is less than 25%, that is to say, more than 75% of the chromic anhydride is lost in the chrome-plated wastewater and the chrome-plated sludge with highly toxic CrVI and a small amount of Cr3+. That is to say, 60,000 tons of chromic anhydride per year has become a pollutant, and the number is amazing.
The hazards of lead and cadmium metals in the electroplating industry have been known for many years. Therefore, lead plating and cadmium plating have been limited to a small range, and are mostly used in aerospace and military industry related fields, but are widely used. Electroplating of conventional copper plating, galvanizing, and especially chrome-plated heavy metal pollution, their environmental hazards have been gradually paid attention to in recent years. Metallic chromium itself is non-toxic, but its compounds are toxic, especially hexavalent chromium. It is irritating and corrosive to cause people with dermatitis and ulcers, but it can cause various respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, and can cause central nervous system poisoning in infants or directly cause lung cancer (trivalent chromium toxicity is relatively high) Small, but more than hexavalent chromium toxicity for aquatic organisms). Excessive copper is harmful to humans, animals and plants. It is safe to use more than 0.01mg/l of copper in water. Nickel is a heavy metal that people often touch. In addition to the well-known nickel salt, which causes dermatitis and allergies, nickel dust is associated with high incidence of respiratory cancer, while hydroxy nickel [Ni(Co)4] is also recognized as a strong carcinogen. . Zinc, which is often used as a supplementary element of the human body, can cause harm to the human body and the environment once it is excessive. The most harmful to the human body is zinc oxide soot, but when the zinc content in the water is higher than 0.1 mg/l, it will produce aquatic organisms such as fish. Affected, zinc-containing wastewater above 2mg/l will reduce crop yield, and will also deactivate the enzymes in the soil, reduce bacteria and reduce microbial activity. These effects will eventually affect us humans.
These heavy metal pollutions are very harmful, but what is even more terrifying is that nature's degradation of heavy metals is minimal. Heavy metal pollutants can exert their harmful effects in the air, especially in water and soil, not for a few years. It is decades and hundreds of years. This pollution has and will continue to jeopardize our environment.
We say that there are many pollutants including CODCr ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus in the electroplating production process, but the representative industrial pollutants are heavy metal pollutants. In terms of heavy metal pollution, the electroplating industry is only second. It is a major polluter in the two industries of mine smelting and battery manufacturing.
Therefore, for the electroplating industry, reducing and reducing heavy metal pollution has become a top priority for the development of the industry, and its importance cannot be overstated.
two. Correctly look at the electroplating industry, rationally evaluate the status quo and future of heavy metal pollution in the electroplating industry
Due to the pollution, especially the heavy metal pollution, electroplating enterprises have become street mice in many places. In some areas, leaders have simply adopted the method of shutting down, stopping or deporting, which has caused some electroplating enterprises to tremble, such as the sword. However, as a person who has worked in the electroplating industry for more than 20 years, I am optimistic.
I believe that although the industry is currently suffering from environmental storms and difficulties, the electroplating industry is by no means a "sunset", but a bright future and a bright future. I think that for a specific electroplating process or even a certain electroplating, he may be replaced by new technology and technology. Some enterprises and even a group of electroplating enterprises will be eliminated due to pollution, management and other issues. This is the inevitable result of history. "When the ship sinks on the side of the ship, Wanmuchun is in front of the disease tree." The whole of the electroplating industry will not die, but will be completed in this process, and will be improved in innovation. newborn. My reason is:
1. Electroplating is an indispensable part of China's industrial chain
Those who know a little about industry can understand that in modern industry, not only traditional machinery, light industry, household appliances, buildings, etc. are inseparable from electroplating. Looking around, we can all see the existence of electroplating products, and with the science and technology Development, new electroplating technology is also emerging, the role of electroplating is far from product decoration and simple protection, and more reflected in various special functions, it has become a new industry such as automotive, electronics, aerospace, energy, etc. The important component of technological progress has become a technical means for high-end industries such as spacecraft, rockets, satellites, and subways. It is no exaggeration to say that leaving the electroplating, these enterprises will be difficult or even impossible to operate.
2. Electroplating industry is an important factor in economic development
According to the survey conducted by the China Plating Association, in the region where the economy is more developed, the electroplating industry will prosper. In all regions with rapid economic development, the electroplating industry will inevitably develop rapidly. In the coastal areas where China's economy is first, the number of electroplating enterprises is not only large, but also large in scale, advanced in technology, and higher in output value than in other regions. According to statistics, Guangdong has the largest economic output in the country, with 1,191 electroplating enterprises, accounting for 23% of the country (1,000 in the Pearl River Delta alone) and 260,000 employees. Production accounts for 30% of the country, and its 2010 output value reached 50 billion / year, accounting for 50% of the country. In the Yangtze River Delta region of Shanghai, Suzhou and Wuxi, the number of electroplating enterprises accounted for 7% of the country, and the output accounted for 8%, accounting for 18.9% of the national output. These data indicate that the regional economic development needs the synchronization of the electroplating industry.
Because electroplating is a processing property, its output value is often small, and its contribution to local GDP is not obvious, and it is often not taken seriously. But in fact, as an industrial supporting industry, its role can not be measured solely by the size of GDP, but should be related to its impact on the economic development of the entire region. Some experts have investigated and analyzed that the correlation degree of the electroplating industry to related industries varies from 40 to 80 depending on the region and industry. That is to say, the electroplating industry has a production value of 100 million yuan, corresponding to 40 to 8 billion GDP. It is difficult to guarantee these billions of billions. According to the data provided by Wuxi Metal Finishing and Finishing Garden Survey, their output value is more than 700 million yuan, but the impact is related to about 80 billion yuan of GDP. The relevant data also believe that about 30% of Guangdong's GDP is related to electroplating. Industry has a direct or indirect relationship.
3. Electroplating pollution including heavy metal pollution is preventable
If human beings want to move, there will be pollution. As a single person, the carbon dioxide he exhales and the excretion after three meals will cause environmental pollution, not to mention the various activities carried out by human beings. It is impossible to produce pollution in large-scale industrial production. Our task is to produce less pollutants and how to handle them to minimize environmental pollution.
Over the years, due to the lack of awareness of the environmental pollution from top to bottom, one-sided pursuit of development, the electroplating industry and many other industries, has caused no small harm to the environment. In the 1980s and 1990s in our province, rural enterprises and private enterprises developed greatly. Many electroplating enterprises were reduced to “going to the mountains and going to the countrysideâ€. In addition, due to the simple electroplating production facilities, small investment, convenient process, and fast, several people, Several cylinders can start, causing the electroplating enterprises to be scattered, causing a large spread of electroplating pollution, and the consequences are serious and sighing.
In recent years, under the attention of local governments, under the efforts of conscience entrepreneurs, especially under the strict regulation of new electroplating pollutant discharge standards and local environmental regulations such as the Taihu Basin Regulations, it should be said that electroplating enterprises have environmental pollution. It has been curbed, and the environment in some areas has improved. However, the impact of pollution in the electroplating industry, especially heavy metal pollution, on the environment is still serious. There is not much difference between the environmental tolerance, the social tolerance and the requirements of the country. The road to go is still very long and still needs to be highly valued.
Analysis of the reasons, first of all, government supervision can not be in place. In recent years, although some enterprises have improved their understanding of their social responsibilities and obligations, they are willing to work hard on clean production, three waste treatment, especially heavy metal pollution prevention, and invest a lot of manpower and resources. As far as I know, it is not an individual company that invests millions of dollars in environmental protection. However, there are still quite a few companies that lack environmental awareness and social responsibility, and take profit as their sole target. They increase plating, expand the processing range, and even reduce the process flow, so that the amount of heavy metal pollution is greatly increased. In order to reduce costs, they often put environmental protection. The facilities are treated as inspections, and even worse, the pipes are simply concealed and the waste water without any treatment is discharged straight. A large part of these enterprises are simply unlicensed and unlicensed “black householdsâ€, which can be used for a single shot. It is difficult to check that environmental protection supervision is out of control. It is estimated that the number of black-hut enterprises is twice that of licensed companies. Although their plating processing accounts for only 10% to 20% of the industry, the pollution to the environment can reach 70% to 80%. It can be concluded that if these illegal polluters cannot be completely eliminated, it will be impossible for our industry to achieve decisive results in the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution.
The illegal operating costs of these enterprises are low, resulting in serious unequal competition in the industry. The legitimate business enterprises suffer from “big losses†in the economy, which is psychologically unbalanced. At the same time, some enterprises are still on the sidelines in the prevention and control of clean production and heavy metal pollution. Seriously hindered the development of heavy metal pollution prevention and control work in the electroplating industry.
Some local environmental protection departments, because these guerrillas are not well managed, simply grab the big and let go, we have a member unit to receive the "flight check" of three levels of environmental inspection personnel one night, the problem has not been detected, but the person in charge of the enterprise Su is not sleeping, my heart is difficult.
Therefore, local government departments, especially the environmental protection departments, should resolutely ban “unincorporated enterprises†who are undocumented and have serious pollution discharges. If they seized one time, they will be severely punished for “destroying their homesâ€, and they will not be able to “restartâ€. At the same time, for “law-abiding householdsâ€, administrative “rewards†such as financial incentives and reduction inspections should be given. For those who occasionally fail to exceed the standard due to technical instability, they will be given a lighter punishment to help them improve. It is possible to increase the reporting rewards for illegal electroplating factories and serious over-standard pollutant discharge units, and rely on the strength of local associations to do more with less. Only by thoroughly removing these "black sheep" can we have a healthy development of the electroplating industry, and we can have a fundamental improvement in the state of heavy metal pollution in the electroplating industry.
Secondly, the clean production technology of electroplating pollution including heavy metal pollution and the development and promotion of prevention and control technology lag behind.
With the improvement of electroplating emission standards, related clean production technologies and processing technologies have also been unearthed in the spring, but because they are all developed by themselves, they often sing each and every tone, each said that it is good, lack of authority to identify, electroplating enterprises are at a loss It is difficult to choose. Some enterprises have reported that when the company is preparing for new wastewater treatment facilities, there will be fourteen or five wastewater treatment enterprises coming to the door in the short term. Many of them are introduced by relevant departments and personnel. The boss has taken a blind eye and fainted. In desperation, some companies simply use the "base", and use various methods such as chemical, biochemical, electrolysis and membrane treatment to get through. This is what companies with better economic conditions can do. Many companies are sighing.
Therefore, business owners believe that spending money can, but spending money, to be able to solve problems, to spend value, can not "burn the cake", eagerly hope that the government and relevant departments to come up with norms. Recently, the China Electroplating Association Electroplating Branch and other units have issued the “Technical Specifications for Electroplating Wastewater Treatment Engineering†(Draft for Comment), and the Shanghai Electroplating Association has led the preparation of “Clean Production Work Guide†and other materials, which have complied with the requirements of the majority of electroplating enterprises. This is a gratifying step. I believe that with the passage of time, relevant standards and regulations will be introduced and improved continuously, which will provide operational basis for prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the electroplating industry.
three. Taking "online prevention and treatment" as a breakthrough, insisting on prevention and treatment
Often said pollution prevention. The defense I understand is to minimize the generation of pollutants, or to solve the problem before the pollutants reach the sewage treatment plant. The so-called treatment is the “end treatmentâ€, that is, the wastewater that is not up to standard through various facilities in the sewage treatment plant. Arrived at the standard discharge.
In the past, there was a little more end-of-pipe management. So recently people have emphasized the front-end governance, but it is not to say that the end-of-pipe governance can be relaxed. With the “raising†and “end-of-pipe†as the last pass, the importance cannot be ignored. We must grasp both hands, and both hands must be grasped.
Front End Governance I split it into two parts. One is to improve the process or facility, replacing the original process with a non-toxic or less heavy metal-contaminated process, such as replacing the decorative chromium with tin-cobalt alloy, replacing hard chromium with nickel-tungsten alloy, or replacing chrome with electroless nickel plating. Free of highly toxic hexavalent chromium, and the overall performance is good, just a process of promotion and application. Low chromium chrome plating and low chromium passivation processes can also be used to reduce the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the solution to reduce the concentration of hexavalent chromium introduced into the wash water. Trivalent chromium chrome plating, (galvanized) trivalent chromium passivation is greatly reduced due to toxicity, and the former has been used in production in the UK, Japan and South Korea, and the domestic is in the initial stage, while the latter has entered mass production. application.
The two are processed online.
On-line processing, also known as tank edge processing, is the process of setting up a corresponding device on the side of the production line to treat the bath or washing water on the production line.
I believe that the conventional tank filtration, the removal of impurities in the bath, recovery, plating function, extend the life of the bath, reduce the amount of waste is also an online treatment.
In recent years, as nickel prices have soared, nickel-plated tanks have been used for recycling nickel metal as the main purpose. The resin recycling equipment project developed by a research institute in Shanghai can be supplied to related enterprises with the support of the State and Shanghai Science and Technology Commission. Provided free of charge, the device is small in size and can be conveniently installed in the open space of the tank. The nickel-plated washing water passes through the device, wherein the nickel metal can be adsorbed by the resin in the device, and the water substantially removed from the nickel can be returned to the production line for reuse. The institute can recycle nickel, and the enterprises using the device have basically no nickel-containing wastewater efflux, and the nickel-plated tap water is also greatly saved. At present, the number of devices used in our province has exceeded 400.
A Nanjing-based company has developed its own copper-nickel online recycling device for its plastic-coated automatic line with an annual output value of nearly 50 million yuan. The effect is very good, and it has solved some problems of nickel and copper recycling. Appreciation by Zhu Shanlu, member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China and secretary of the Nanjing Municipal Party Committee. Now they are promoting and want to contribute to the reduction of heavy metal pollution everywhere.
Online purification and reuse of chrome plating solution and its waste liquid is an important way to reduce chromic acid anhydride pollution. It has been proposed by a company in Dongguan, using high-strength, selective cation exchange resin for chrome plating tank and recovery tank plating solution. When the chromic anhydride does not exceed 150g/l, it can be cleaned with normal resin to remove impurities such as copper, zinc and nickel, and then evaporated and concentrated for use in the chrome plating tank. According to reports, the recovery rate of chromic anhydride can reach more than 95%, greatly reducing the emission of heavy metal pollution.
A microporous ceramic membrane developed by a research institute in Yixing City is used in the electrolysis method to remove impurities from the chrome plating bath. Extending the life of the bath and recovering the trivalent chromium passivation solution are quite effective. The price is only half that of Japanese products, and it is currently entering the Korean market.
As a kind of online recycling technology, membrane separation technology is an important means to reduce heavy metal pollution. Its service target has been developed from precious metals and nickel-containing wastewater to other plating types. With the continuous development of membrane technology, membrane manufacturing costs are gradually reduced, and the application prospects will be increasingly The better, the technology used in the application of electroplating wastewater treatment in a certain company in Xiamen, has been included in the "national environmental protection and practical technology promotion" catalog.
In fact, the maintenance of daily plating solution is also an important part of online prevention and control. The plating liquid management and maintenance are good, which can improve the product yield rate, extend the service life of the plating solution, and reduce the plating liquid to carry out and leak. It should be said that these will effectively reduce the occurrence of heavy metal pollution.
Online governance is well done, which will greatly reduce the pressure of “end management†and play a major role in meeting the discharge of heavy metal pollutants.
Now, as an important aspect of the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in electroplating, it provides suppliers of production equipment for electroplating enterprises, and regards the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution as an important element in equipment design and manufacture. The new electroplating line that Wuxi Xingyi Company developed in 2007 for water, electricity, dosing, cleaning, temperature control, pH measurement, tank filtration and other self-control and remote monitoring has created a way for the micro-emission of heavy metal ions. In 2008, it was recognized by the four ministries and commissions of the national science and technology, environmental protection, business, quality supervision and other countries as the country's new products.
Regarding the end-of-pipe treatment, its importance has been said. The methods generally include cracking wastewater complex technology, advanced oxidation technology, heavy metal capture technology, biosorption technology, membrane technology, ion exchange technology, sludge reduction and metal separation and purification. Technology, etc. Each single technology is constantly developing and improving. What we need to do is to combine the actual situation of the enterprise, select an advanced, reliable, economical and practical diversified technology combination, eliminate backward manual operations, and improve the automation of the processing process, especially the automatic addition. Analysis of the composition of medicines and timely wastewater, and careful management to ensure the stable discharge of heavy metal pollution
four. Building an electroplating park is a good way to prevent heavy metal pollution from electroplating
Modern economic development is inseparable from electroplating, but pollution, especially heavy metal pollution, has made the development of electroplating industry strictly restricted by national industrial policies and local environmental policies. How to solve this contradiction, the electroplating industry has taken a path in painful exploration. : Establish a high standard electroplating industrial park.
In 2004, the Jiangsu Provincial Economic and Trade Commission clearly stated in the article “Proposal on Promoting the Industrial Upgrade of Electroplating Industry in Our Province†that “optimizing the layout is a top priority, and each provincial city can build one or two electroplating service price processing zones in the approved industrial park. To make the electroplating enterprises relatively concentrated, to separate production and pollution control, centralized treatment of wastewater, and to make the electroplating service area a service processing system with advanced technology, advanced equipment, complete plating, and first-class environment, which will provide a sustainable development for electroplating. new road."
In the past ten years, the national electroplating park has developed rapidly. There are already hundreds of built and under construction parks. In June this year, I will propose and launch the “National First Electroplating Park Construction and Operation Seminar†held in Zhenjiang. More than 100 people from the industry attended the event, and many parks and business representatives held unprecedented discussions. Jiangsu Wuxi Metal Finishing Finishing Garden and Zhenjiang Huake Environmental Electroplating Professional Zone were speaking at the conference as representatives of Jiangsu. Although these parks still have such problems during the construction process, they have already provided us with such conclusions:
1. Centralized treatment of sewage, heavy metal pollution emissions can be effectively monitored.
Since all the wastewater in the park is diverted, that is, “separate collection and quality treatmentâ€, all the pipelines are concentrated in the sewage treatment plant of the park, and the sewage treatment plant has only one discharge port, and is connected with the local environmental protection department to implement 24-hour automatic. Monitoring, the local environmental protection department staff, sitting in the office, can fully understand the sewage discharge situation in the park, which fundamentally eliminates the possibility of “smuggling†of sewage from bad operators or the discharge of sewage in the park is not up to standard, and certainly ensures heavy metals. Emissions of pollution are up to standard.
2. In order to ensure the normal and high standard operation of the park, the parks also set the conditions for entering the park, and have higher requirements on the production scale and technical level of the enterprises entering the park, especially the indicators of heavy metal pollution, so as to guide “Forcing†some enterprises to carry out a reinventing technology upgrade when they entered the park, introducing clean production technology, improving the production competitiveness of enterprises, and improving energy saving, emission reduction and emission reduction capabilities, including reducing heavy metal pollutants. produce.
3. Due to the large scale of the construction enterprises in the park and the certain financial strength, the latest and most effective pollution, especially the heavy metal pollution treatment technology, can be adopted, and due to the large amount of centralized treatment, in general, the unit processing cost will be lower, Continued operation, such as Zhenjiang Huake Environmental Protection Electroplating Professional Zone adopts the technology of Guangdong Xindayu Company, and is improved according to the actual situation of the park. The wastewater treatment has realized seven water flow treatments, which not only ensure the discharge of pollutants such as heavy metals, but also the general enterprises. In comparison, unit water treatment costs are also lower.
4. Whether the sewage treatment can meet the standard discharge is often the primary sign of whether the park can operate normally or even the success of the park construction. It is generally the top priority of the park construction and management. In addition to better processing technology and facilities, the daily management of processing operations is also critical. The park has the ability to deploy professional teams to operate, changing the quality of wastewater treatment managers in general electroplating plants, and making wastewater treatment stable. The discharge of the standard has been guaranteed. For example, in the central control room of the sewage treatment center of Zhenjiang Park, the operation of each link is clear at a glance. If there is any problem, the relevant warning will remind the management personnel. Due to the professionalism, the sewage management personnel are still doing a lot of work on the extraction of heavy metals in the electroplating wastewater, while reducing the heavy metal pollution in the park, and recovering a large amount of valuable heavy metal resources, which is a valuable step in the circular economy. .
The experience and lessons of the ten-year electroplating park construction tell us that the electroplating park, which is a large-scale modern electroplating production platform, has found an effective governance and management model for environmental problems such as heavy metal pollution that has long plagued the electroplating industry. The construction of the park is a good thing for the benefit of the country and the people, but good things must be done well. The high standards of construction are prerequisites, but there must be serious and effective management in the later stage. The former involves planning, site selection, design, construction and entry. A series of complicated problems, such as the setting of the standard of the park enterprise, especially the scheme of wastewater treatment and the choice of the entrusting unit, will cause a series of problems if it is inadvertent. There are indeed many parks or improper site selection or The starting point is not high, or the wastewater discharge cannot be stabilized, and it has to be closed. Although some parks still maintain their operations, they are troubled by various problems and are struggling. There are also some park construction units that lack the management capacity for the special industry of electroplating. The work of the park is difficult to carry out according to the expected plan, especially the problems of heavy metal pollution, which cannot be effectively solved and become a headache park for local environmental protection departments.
In a word, as the “12th Five-Year†development plan (draft) of China's electroplating industry, the well-managed construction of electroplating parks can add a beautiful landscape to the place, bringing incalculable economic, social and environmental benefits. But if it is not done well, the park may also become a new, large centralized pollution area, which will lead to unimaginable consequences.
In order to make the park a new platform for electroplating and processing with advanced technology, advanced equipment, scientific management and first-class environmental protection, it has become the “reassuring park†of the society and the “new home†of the enterprises entering the park. My suggestion is:
First, do not engage in the park like real estate, sell factories, and should be based on leasing.
The second is to use a single wastewater treatment method with caution. For decades, a variety of sewage treatment technologies have been applied, but it turns out that there are certain limitations in any method. There are many kinds of plating in the electroplating park, the wastewater components are complex, and the changes are frequent. It is impossible to use a treatment method. To solve, we should comprehensively analyze the sewage situation and integrate various treatment methods to form a complete treatment plan. Care should be taken when investing in huge wastewater treatment options.
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