First, the common causes of fat damage
　　 1 . A large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied blindly. In general, crops require a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, many farmers think that once the crops are poorly grown, they are nitrogen-deficient fertilizers, and they begin to supplement nitrogen fertilizers, causing fertilizer damage due to excess nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, excessive application of volatile nitrogen fertilizers, such as carbonic acid. Ammonium hydroxide and ammonia water are easy to cause crops to suffer from fertilizers such as smoked seedlings.
　　 2 . The amount of fertilizer applied is too large. All kinds of fertilizers are recommended to be carried out in a small number of times. However, many farmers are eager to save the fertilizers too much, which will cause the fertilizer concentration in the soil around the roots of the plants to be temporarily too high, so that the roots of the crops cannot be absorbed normally. Moisture, fat damage.
　　 3 . The organic fertilizer was not cooked. After the fertilized organic fertilizer is applied to the soil, it is first decomposed. This process generates a lot of heat and is easy to cause root burning.
　　 4 . The distance between the species, fertilizer or seedlings and fertilizer is too small. Fertilizer is relatively faster than organic fertilizer. If the fertilization distance is too small, there will be a high concentration of fertilizer nutrients around the plant or seed within a short period of time, causing burning and burning.
　　 5 , improper selection of fertilizer. In general, field crops can be selected from conventional potassium chloride fertilizers. However, in economic crops, if trees and vegetables are mostly chlorine-free crops, it is generally recommended to use potassium sulfate-based fertilizers. In addition, potassium-based fertilizers should be used for paddy crops. Many farmers buy fertilizers when they never look at whether the fertilizer is potassium sulphate or potassium chloride, high nitrogen fertilizer or balanced fertilizer, and blind fertilization causes damage to the seedlings.
Generally, after the occurrence of fertilizer damage, the crops usually show that the plants that are affected by the fertilizer show wilting, and they appear to be frosted or boiled. The light ones affect the growth and development, and the heavy ones die. When the seeds are simulating, the distance is too small, and the emergence is not Qi; the roots of the plants are damaged, and the roots are dehydrated and atrophied.
Second, the prevention and control of fertilizer damage:
　　 1 . Do not apply unfertilized organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer must be fermented and then applied, especially after the poultry manure is fermented and mixed with the fertilizer.
　　 2 . Rational use of fertilizers. It is recommended to apply a small amount of times when fertilizing, and nitrogen fertilizer should never be used too much at one time. When the foliar spray is applied, the concentration should not be too high. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate is used as the foliar fertilizer. The concentration should not exceed 0.3 %. The spray can be wet. The urea is also recommended to be controlled in the range of 0.5% .
　　 3 . Add organic fertilizer. The organic matter content in the soil is high, and the cation has a strong adsorption energy, which improves the buffering capacity of soil nutrients and can greatly reduce the occurrence of fertilizer damage.
　　 4 . Fertilization should be about 10cm from the root of the crop and should be applied deep. Immediately after top dressing, cover the soil to prevent seedling stage burning and loss of fertilizer efficiency. Soil drought and topdressing need timely irrigation, reduce concentration, avoid burning phenomenon; fruit trees are applied at the left and right positions of the crown when fertilizing, so as to ensure the supply of fertilizer, and not too close to fertilization.
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Dye is an organic substance that enables the coloring of fibers and other materials. Dye a wide range, according to the source can be divided into natural dyes (such as plant dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic methane dyes, nitro dyes and so on. According to the application method is divided into acid dyes, alkaline dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dye has a color, but the color of the material is not necessarily a dye. Dyes must have chromophores and help chromophores. The dye in the ink should also have a water-soluble group such as a sulfonic acid group.
Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to the source can be divided into: â‘ plant dyes, from some plants roots, stems, leaves and fruits extracted from the dye, such as extracted from indigo indigo (blue), extracted from turmeric curcumin (yellow (Dinar), etc.); (d) dyes, extracts from the animal's body, such as carmine extracted from the cochineal, etc .; (d) mineral dyes, dyes extracted from the colored non-ferrous minerals of minerals , Such as chrome yellow, ultramarine, manganese brown and so on. Because of the natural dyes and artificial dyes compared to the existence of many shortcomings, such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience, poor fastness, in addition to a few still use, the majority was eliminated.
Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes". Mainly by the coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, carbazole, etc.) by chemical processing, sometimes called coal tar dyes. As the first few kinds of synthetic dyes made of aniline as raw materials, it is also known as "aniline dye." Compared with natural dyes, synthetic dyes and more types, chromatography complete, most colorful, washable and durable, and can be mass production. So the current so-called dye almost all refers to synthetic dyes. The dyeing products are one of the common forensic materials.
Pigment is a colored, black, white or fluorescent particulate organic or inorganic solid. In water, oil or other application medium does not dissolve, but can be evenly dispersed, and in the entire dispersion process from the physical and chemical effects of the media, still retain its unique crystal or particle structure. According to the chemical composition of inorganic pigments and organic pigments; according to the color is divided into white, red, yellow, black and other pigments; according to the source is divided into natural and synthetic pigments, natural pigments are mineral (inorganic) such as He Shi, cinnabar, , Realgar, etc., there are animal and plant (organic) such as rattan, cochineal red, synthetic pigments are also inorganic and organic two categories; according to the use of coloring pigments, physical pigments and functional pigments. Coloring pigments are inorganic and organic pigments that impart various colors to the application medium. The pigment is a pigment that does not have a hue force and no hiding power. It is mainly used to reduce product cost and improve the performance of paint, plastic, rubber and other products. Called the filler. Now has been processed into ultra-fine grain of natural products and synthetic products, due to the synthesis of impurities in the small, fine particles and according to the need for artificial synthesis and a variety of surface modification, it can be used to reduce the hiding power of the pigment (Such as titanium dioxide) and improve product performance, and now it is called physical (incremental) pigments more appropriate, most of the main varieties of natural pigments are processed natural minerals such as natural calcium carbonate, barite powder, talc Such as precipitated calcium carbonate, precipitated barium sulfate, synthetic silica, etc .; functional pigments are pigments that give products specific functions, And change the color of the temperature paint, with poisonous biological function of the antifouling pigments, in the dark glowing luminous pigments, to prevent corrosion of rust-proof paint, pearl luster pearlescent pigments and so on.
Paint in paint, printing, rubber, plastics, paper, fiber, ceramics and other industries widely used, the product can be decorative, opaque, durable or special features.
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