DNA composed of A, G, C, T four nucleoside. Scientists often find many variants in the DNA sequence that replace these four normal letters, which usually help cells control gene switching, known as "epigenetic markers." In the past, scientists have only discovered these variants by chance. According to recent information from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), researchers at the University and the University of Florida and other institutions have developed an advanced technology platform that systematically discovers unknown epigenetic marks and variants.
DNA variants are usually inserted by enzymes during the synthesis of DNA during cell division, and are generally used as markers to "tell" cells which genes should be turned on and which are turned off. In addition, the variants help cells protect their DNA from foreign bacteria and viral DNA. These variants can help all RNA, including messenger RNA and transfer RNA, to perform their functions.
Professor Pete Dayton of the MIT School of Bioengineering said: "We have developed a technology platform that can be used to discover new variants and describe their characteristics." This platform provides the ability to observe single-molecule real-time sequencing and predictive genomics. Combined with the ability to detect and identify bioanalytes, the research team can systematically find new variants, figure out what the variant is, and what it does.
Comparative genomics provides the initial clues to potential new DNA variants by screening the genomes of different organisms to find specific DNA sequences. When a single-molecule real-time sequencing instrument detects a genome, it encounters unconventional four nucleosides that emit signals. Dayton explained that there will be a short pause in the detection process, as long as the software is properly adjusted to get a signal and know where it is in the genome. "This allows you to map out DNA variants in the entire genome." Detection means can't reveal what the variant is, but can determine its location.
The research team has discovered a variant called dADG that is part of the bacterial defense system that protects its own genome from viral infection. Researchers believe that there may be many undiscovered DNA variants in bacteria and viruses, and their findings will provide researchers with new antibiotic targets and biotechnology tools.
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