With the continuous development of China's feed industry, the requirements for various indicators of pellet feed are getting higher and higher, not only requiring better internal quality (such as nutritional performance, disease prevention, industrial environmental protection, etc.), but also external quality requirements are getting higher and higher. (such as the color and fragrance of the particles, the ratio of the length to the length, the loss rate in the water, etc.). Due to the special nature of the living environment, aquatic animals have good water stability in order to prevent rapid collapse, dissolution and loss. Therefore, the water stability of aquafeeds is an important indicator of their quality assurance. Factors affecting the stability of aquatic feed water are:
First, the crushing particle size
The pulverization particle size of the feed has an important influence on the water stability. On the one hand, due to the large particle size of the feed pulverization, the water easily penetrates into the granule feed to cause collapse. On the other hand, the pulverization particle size also has a certain influence on the processing processes such as mixing and steam quenching and tempering. The pulverization particle size is small, the raw materials are fully mixed uniformly, which is beneficial to the quenching and tempering of the materials, and stimulates the natural bonding components in the materials to obtain a good bonding effect; the swellability of the materials tends to be uniform due to the relatively small particle size, thereby obtaining Good water stability.
The particle size determines the surface area of ​​the feed composition. The finer the particle size, the larger the surface area. The stronger the ability to absorb water in the steam before granulation, which is good for quenching and tempering, so that the pellet feed has good water stability and can be extended in aquatic animals. The residence time in the body improves the absorption effect and reduces water pollution. Generally, the raw materials for compound feed for fish should pass through a 40-mesh standard sieve after pulverization, and the 60-mesh standard sieve sieve material should be ≤20%, and the shrimp feed material requirement can pass through a 60-mesh standard sieve.
Second, the ring model
The compression ratio of the ring mode (deep diameter/aperture) also has a certain influence on the stability of fish feed in water. The compression of the feed pellets with larger compression ratio is larger, the structure is tight, the feed water resistance time is longer, and vice versa. The ring mode compression ratio is 14-17, and the prawns material is 17-20.
Third, quenching and
The purpose of quenching and tempering is: 1. softening the material by adding steam, more plasticity, facilitating extrusion molding, thereby improving the granulating ability of the granulator; 2. by means of hydrothermal action, the starch in the feed can be fully gelatinized, Protein denaturation, promote the conversion of starch into soluble carbohydrates to improve the digestion and utilization of bait; 3. Increase the density of particles, smooth appearance, not easy to be eroded by water, increase the stability in water; 4. High temperature effect of quenching and tempering process It kills harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the feed, improves the storage performance of the product, and is beneficial to the health of aquatic animals.
Fourth, the adhesive
Adhesives are additives for bonding and forming in aquatic feeds. They can be roughly classified into natural materials and chemical synthetic substances. The former can be divided into sugar (starch, wheat, corn flour, etc.) and animal glue (bone glue, skin glue, fish paste, etc.) according to the composition; chemical synthetic substances are carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate and the like. In the production of fish feed, the stability of feed water is generally improved by adding an appropriate amount of binder.
Measures to improve the water resistance of aquatic feeds:
First, the scientific formula and nutrition control
1. Reasonable selection of raw materials
Studies have shown that the composition and ratio of aquatic feed ingredients have a greater impact on the stability of feed water. Some raw materials can improve the stability of feed water, they account for a large proportion of the feed formulation, and the stability of the product in water is good. According to reports, the stability of water in common raw materials is from flour to cottonseed meal, wheat, fish meal, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, silkworm cocoon, mink skin, corn yellow meal, corn, rice bran. Of course, the same raw materials, due to different varieties of sources and different raw material processing methods, the final product's water resistance is also different.
2. Suitable starch, crude fiber and moisture content
Starch is easy to gelatinize under conditions of high temperature and high humidity, which is good for bonding and is one of the important raw materials for affecting the stability of aquatic feed water. Due to the high level of protein content in aquatic feeds (25% - 45%), there is a limit to the amount of starch raw materials used. In the production, the appropriate amount of flour is used instead of the traditional yellow powder and other raw materials, and good results can be obtained. Due to the poor viscosity of the coarse fiber, which affects the hardness and forming rate of the granule, the crude fiber content in the aquaculture feed is controlled at 3% to 5% to improve the water resistance of the feed. The moisture in the raw material not only affects the quality and yield of the pulverization, but also restricts the effect of granulation. Generally, the moisture content of the raw material before granulation is controlled at 12%-13%.
3. Use of adhesives
At present, there are many types of adhesives used on the market, but different adhesives have different effects. Care should be taken when selecting binders: 1) Consider the feeding habits of farmed animals and the requirements for stability in bait water. Generally, slow-fed fish and shrimp require higher water stability, while fast-fed fish and shrimp require lower water stability; 2) consider the nature, suitability and cost of the adhesive; 3) consider binder and feed The interaction between the two depends on whether it will destroy the nutrients.
Second, advanced processing technology and technology
1. Master the crushing size; 2. Control the quality and control: The feed mill uses steam for quenching and tempering, that is, directly steaming the prepared materials for hydrothermal treatment. Therefore, it is important to control the speed of feeding, choose the time, temperature, pressure and moisture of quenching and tempering; 3. Grasp the granulation: The most widely used pellet feeding machine is the ring die granulator and the flat die granulator. . The feed mill should reasonably select the ring mold according to the requirements of different aquatic feeds, the characteristics of the raw materials and the processing technology, and adjust the gap of the die roll and the position of the cutter. Conditional feed enterprises can also use the heavy copying process to improve the stability of the feed water; 4. Regulate the cooling off: cooling reduces the temperature and humidity after granulation. The increased hardness of the cooled feed can effectively prevent the ingress of moisture, and the moisture reduction can enhance the stability of the pellet feed in water. Usually, the temperature of the aquafeed just discharged from the cooler is 6-9 °C higher than the room temperature, and the moisture after cooling is 12% - 12.5%. In production, the appropriate cooling time and air volume should be selected according to the characteristics of the materials, particles and the type of cooler. In addition, a good feed mill can use a puffed pellet feed machine to produce aquatic feed to improve its water stability.
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