After the cadmium pollution incident, Guangxi quickly acted. On the one hand, efforts were made to reduce the cadmium concentration by increasing the discharge flow, releasing neutralized substances, and diluting water. On the one hand, relevant information was released in time to ensure the supply of materials and ease the public panic. A "blocking war" against heavy metal cadmium pollution.
According to Xinhua News Agency on January 30th, the Longjiang River section above the Yanmitan Hydropower Station in Liucheng County, 57 kilometers upstream of Liuzhou City, has a water body with a cadmium concentration exceeding 5 times and a water body of 100 kilometers. The current situation of Liuzhou water source area is still Within the control range.
Experts said that after the three peaks of the polluted water bodies have been cut by Luodong Power Station, Sancha Power Station and Yumitan Power Station, the cadmium concentration can be controlled within 10 times of the standard. The relevant person in charge of Hechi City said that the total amount, location and flow rate of the pollution group have been calculated through expert opinions, and the methods such as flocculating agent and caustic soda are introduced to improve the water output of the hydropower station in the upper reaches of the Longjiang River, and the pollution group is retained as much as possible. The disposal of the Longjiang section of Hechi is to ensure the safety of drinking water for the downstream citizens as much as possible.
In daily life, many people may not understand the heavy metals such as cadmium, and the pollution caused by them and the toxic effects on the human body are not clear. So, what is the true face of heavy metal cadmium?
Cadmium pollution has two types: gas and water.
Cadmium (Cd) is mostly in the chemical state in the natural state, the content is very low, the cadmium content in the atmosphere is generally not more than 0.003μg/m3, the water is not more than 10μg/L, and the amount is not more than 0.5mg per kilogram of soil. Such low concentrations will not affect human health. However, cadmium often coexists with zinc and lead. After the environment is contaminated with cadmium, cadmium can be enriched in the organism and enter the human body through the food chain, causing chronic poisoning.
Since the discovery of cadmium in the early 20th century, the production of cadmium has increased year by year. A considerable amount of cadmium is discharged into the environment through waste gas, waste water, and waste residue, causing pollution. The main sources of pollution are lead-zinc ore, as well as non-ferrous metal smelting, electroplating and factories using cadmium compounds as raw materials or catalysts. The pollution of cadmium to the soil mainly includes gas and water. Gas pollution mainly comes from industrial waste gas. Cadmium diffuses with the exhaust gas around the plant and settles naturally, accumulating in the soil around the plant, allowing the cadmium concentration in the soil to reach 40 ppm. The pollution range can reach several kilometers. Water pollution is mainly caused by the ore dressing wastewater of lead-zinc ore and related industries (electroplating, alkaline batteries, etc.) discharged into surface water or infiltrated into groundwater.
How does cadmium harm health?
The data show that cadmium entering the human body forms cadmium-sulfur protein in the body, reaches the whole body through the blood, and selectively accumulates in the kidney and liver. The kidney can accumulate 1/3 of the absorbed amount and is the target organ for cadmium poisoning. In addition, there is a certain accumulation in the spleen, pancreas, thyroid, testis and hair. Cadmium is mainly excreted through the feces, and a small amount is excreted from the urine.
In normal human blood, the cadmium content is very low, it will increase after exposure to cadmium, but it can quickly return to normal after stopping contact. The combination of cadmium with protein molecules containing hydroxyl, amino and sulfhydryl groups can inhibit many enzyme systems and affect the normal function of the enzyme system in liver and kidney organs. Cadmium also damages the renal tubules, causing symptoms such as diabetes, proteinuria, and amino aciduria, and increases the output of urinary calcium and uric acid. Renal insufficiency affects the activity of vitamin D3, which hinders the growth and metabolism of bones, resulting in loose bones, atrophy, and deformation.
According to experts from Liuzhou City CDC, cadmium can enter the human body through the respiratory tract and digestive tract. Long-term excessive exposure to cadmium can cause chronic poisoning, which can cause damage to the kidney. In advanced cases, renal insufficiency may occur, and bone disease may be associated; Absorption of large amounts of cadmium during the time can cause acute poisoning, and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain may occur. Acute cadmium poisoning is mostly caused by a single inhalation or ingestion of large amounts of cadmium in a production environment. Large doses of cadmium are a strong local irritant. Cadmium-containing gas can cause respiratory irritation through the respiratory tract, such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and difficulty breathing. Cadmium enters the human body from the digestive tract, and may cause vomiting, gastrointestinal cramps, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms, and may even die due to hepatorenal syndrome.
From animal experiments and population epidemiological investigations, cadmium can also cause aberrations in warm-blooded animals and human chromosomes. The teratogenic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium (mainly caused by prostate cancer) have also been confirmed by animal experiments, but have not been confirmed by human epidemiological investigation materials.
According to Liu Xuhui, an expert in the handling of cadmium exceeding the standard in Hechi City, cadmium is less toxic than arsenic and chromium, but if the body accumulates excessive cadmium, it will cause damage to the kidneys. Liu Xuhui said that a large amount of polyaluminum chloride and lime powder have been placed in the cadmium-exposed waters. In a certain pH environment, polyaluminum chloride can solidify the cadmium in the ionic state and avoid being absorbed by the human body.
How to treat acute cadmium poisoning?
The "painful disease" that occurred in Toyama Prefecture, Japan in 1931 is a typical case of cadmium environmental pollution leading to chronic cadmium poisoning in humans. Concerning the concern that cadmium pollution can cause pain and pain, some experts said that the World Health Organization's environmental sanitation standard cadmium volume pointed out that “pain and pain†mainly occurs in cadmium-contaminated areas for more than 30 years, and multiple births are over 40 years old. Women, whose main characteristics are osteoporosis, osteomalacia, multiple fractures, bone pain and tubular dysfunction.
So, how to take emergency measures in the event of acute cadmium poisoning?
According to reports, in the event of acute cadmium poisoning, it is necessary to distinguish the situation and take corresponding measures: for inhaled poisoning, it should be quickly removed from the scene, kept quiet, rest in bed, and given oxygen inhalation. At the same time, it is necessary to keep the poisoned person's respiratory tract unobstructed, actively prevent chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema, and give short-range high-dose glucocorticoids at an early stage, and if necessary, give 1% dimethicone defoaming aerosol. To prevent obstructive bronchiolitis, the glucocorticoid use time may be extended as appropriate. Cadmium citrate or sulfhydryl complexing agent can be administered for cadmium-plating treatment. Serious patients should pay attention to systemic support therapy and other symptomatic treatment.
For oral poisoning, you should immediately wash your stomach with warm water and rest in bed. At the same time give symptomatic and supportive treatment, such as atropine when abdominal pain, appropriate rehydration when vomiting, both active prevention and treatment of shock, but also to avoid excessive fluid to cause pulmonary edema.
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