There are many kinds of bronzes in China, and the number is amazing. Even rare and rare treasures are numerous. However, the number of Chinese bronze artifacts and counterfeits is also amazing. According to the statistics of Zhang Guangyu's "Pseudo-pre-Qin dynasty inscriptions and inscriptions", there are more than 1600 pieces of artifacts and suspicions in the past, including more than 1,000 pieces of counterfeits in the past 100 years since the Qing Dynasty.
Rong Geng also has statistics in the "Western Qing Dynasty's True and False Deposits". In the 1176 bronzes with Ming, there are 317 forgery and 173 for suspicious ones. Here, bronze can be seen as a spot. Of course, some of the fake bronzes are still very beautiful, and they have reached the point of chaos, especially some fakes, imitation of the real, making people really difficult to distinguish. Obviously, the task before the appraiser is daunting. Some people think that since the level of the simulator has reached the level of the real machine, what is necessary to identify and identify it? The answer is no. The identification and identification of bronzes is very important, and the reasons are summarized below.
First of all, no matter how exquisite and realistic the pseudo device is, it is a pseudo-apparatus. It is not a casting of Shang and Zhou, nor can it reflect the social life style of that period, and it cannot reflect the level of smelting at that time. The pseudo-filler is full of bronze words, which undoubtedly affects the reputation of Chinese bronzes. Obviously, the identification work is necessary, which is an important measure to maintain the image of Chinese bronzes.
Second, the pseudo-devices often cause huge economic losses to the collectors. It is often used by counterfeiters to make antique dealers and collectors deceived because they cannot tell the truth. Some people even go bankrupt. For example, during the period of the Republic of China, Beijing’s “styled ancient fasting†antique shop had spent 10,000 yuan to introduce a piece of gimmick. This is a fake. Originally, the shop mainly wanted to resell and make a fortune, but it could not be sold at this time. Therefore, it closed down. Another example is that Shanghai-based Wu Qizhou and American Chinese Lu Qinzhai co-organized one of the largest antique shops in the United States. Wu Qizhou did a lifetime of bronze business, and actually bought his own nephew Yemou’s forged Yinxu bronzes, and the amount was as high as 5 Ten thousand dollars. As can be seen from the above two examples, the prediction method is superb and the consequences are serious. Obviously, the identification and identification of bronzes is very necessary.
Third, the bronze inscriptions affect the correct understanding of history by future generations. Bronze inscriptions are one of the important features of Chinese real instruments. Some inscriptions are even up to 400 words. These words are important materials for historical research. Most of the inscriptions reflect the political, economic, military and social life conditions at that time, which is very helpful for us to understand the style of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. However, the pseudo-mings are based on their own needs, the porcelain intentions, the inscription content may completely deviate from the real situation of the Shang and Zhou, so that the rulers have misjudgment, the impact of the pseudo-ming is obviously bad. For example, during the Huizong Period of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 336 pieces of bells and bells (the shape of the bells of the Spring and Autumn Song and Gong Dynasties). There are two pieces of the "Forbidden Palace" and "Clip Clock" in the Forbidden City. It has "Taihe" and "Zhongzhongqing" which have been plundered by the Jin people, and the word "Dayu" was scraped off. The pseudo-ming "Taihe", Songben has been made false, while the Jinren is pseudo- False, bronze artifacts obviously affect our understanding of the real device.
In short, the fake works not only affect the reputation of Chinese bronzes, but also often cause collectors to be deceived, suffer economic losses, pseudonyms and even influence the historical research of historians, so that today's people can not accurately understand the social life of Shang and Zhou. Only three points are enough to illustrate the necessity of discriminating and identifying bronzes. The object of bronze identification of China National Defense University is authentic Chinese bronze. There are too many types of bronzes in China. In terms of form, they include tools, tools, weapons, rituals, wine vessels, water vessels, musical instruments, food utensils, and other living utensils. Therefore, most of the later artifacts are based on the above-mentioned artifacts. To master and improve the skills of bronze identification, you must have a full understanding and understanding of the real machine. Only by fully grasping the real device can we identify the pseudo device.
First of all, among the bronzes, food, wine, and water vessels account for a large proportion. The food utensils include a cooker and a receptacle. The cooking utensils have tripods (later used only for rituals), cockroaches, cockroaches, etc., all of which have two or four feet, and can burn wood and burn food in the foot. The container includes ç°‹, 敦, 豆, ç° , etc., and the ware has a large ear, a cover, and a foot. The wine vessel includes three kinds of containers, a warmer and a mediter. The container has respect, scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, pot, base, etc.; the cultivar has a prince, a horn, a cymbal, a cymbal, a cymbal, etc., regardless of the container or the medlar, both have a foot, and thus have the nature of a warmer. Waters include plates, sputum, sputum, scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, etc., with many feet or ears. The above-mentioned bronze vessels have different characteristics due to different times. In the identification, special attention should be paid to the individual characteristics of the era style and utensils.
Second, bronze rituals are also important objects of identification. Bronze rituals are not only the main body of cash research, but also an important object for identification and identification. The most important bronze rituals are obviously Ding (the scorpion, scorpion, and the scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, etc. in the wine device are combined in a de facto form and also evolved into a ritual), and the Emperor of the Western Zhou Dynasty used Jiuding. The princes of the Ding Ding, the doctor Wuding, Shi Sanding, the ranks are strict. After the development, Ding even became a symbol of the state's political power. The so-called "have a faint virtue, move to the business", "business tyranny, and move to the week", and the use of "toward the thick" is even higher. It is. Ding's appraisal is undoubtedly an important content, not only because it is an important casting, but also because there are a lot of political atmosphere in Ding, and because of the strong political atmosphere, the abstract identification obviously increases the difficulty of discerning and appreciating.
Third, there are many unearthed bronze production tools, and there are also many fakes. Such as hand tools such as axe, pound, chisel, and saw, as well as agricultural tools such as hoe, shovel, hoe, hoe, hoe, hoe, hoe, and scorpion, are also important contents for the identification of bronze ware. The authenticity identification is on the one hand, and it can also be used to identify the current state of production development and productivity.
Fourth, the bronze weapons of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties were unearthed and there were many types. The merchants of the Shang and Zhou dynasties include Ge, knife, sword, scorpion, dagger, scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, spear, etc. The shape of the weapon is diverse and the identification is quite difficult. In particular, weapons are important equipment for the Shang and Zhou army, and they are mostly used in the battlefield. Therefore, it is undoubtedly a profound understanding of the history of the Shang and Zhou weapons and the solicitation of Shang and Zhou.
Fifth, bronze art is also an important part of the identification work. From the perspective of plastic art, many bronzes are art and art pieces.
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