Since the American scientist Meiman developed the first ruby ​​laser in 1960, with the development of the world's science and technology and economic development, the rapid development of laser technology, especially in the past decade, has developed rapidly, which has greatly promoted the laser processing technology. More widely used. The laser has four characteristics compared to ordinary light, namely monochromaticity (single wavelength), coherence, directivity, and high light intensity. The laser beam is easy to transmit. Its time and space characteristics can be controlled to obtain a very small spot after focusing. The laser beam with extremely high power density can melt, vaporize any material or perform precise and rapid processing in local areas. The input heat of the workpiece is small, the heat affected zone and the thermal deformation are small; the processing efficiency is high, and it is easy to realize that the automated laser technology is a comprehensive high-tech related to optical, mechanical, electronic and other disciplines. The same laser processing equipment also involves many disciplines and thus decides Its high-tech and high-yield look at the international and domestic laser application field After years of research and development and improvement, contemporary laser and laser processing technology and equipment have matured to form a series of laser processing technology. In addition, various new laser processing technologies are still emerging. From the perspective of practical application in the international scope, laser processing is mainly used for cutting, welding, surface treatment, marking and punching. 2D and 3D laser cutting accounts for 65% of laser applications. Laser welding accounts for about 20% of laser drilling, marking is less than 10%, and laser surface treatment includes laser phase transformation hardening, laser cladding, laser surface alloying and laser surface melting. Condensation and so on only account for about 5%. From the development and application of domestic laser processing technology, more and more users have realized the unique performance and high flexibility and high efficiency of laser processing. Laser technology has long been popularized in the aerospace industry, the automotive industry, the switch industry, the gear industry, the railway locomotive manufacturing industry, and the metal materials processing industry.
First, the characteristics and application of laser cutting
Laser cutting is the most widely used laser processing technology in many countries in foreign countries. For example, automotive manufacturing and machine tool manufacturing use laser cutting to process sheet metal parts. With the high-power laser beam quality, the laser cutting is improved. The range of processing objects is wide. It covers almost all metal and non-metal materials. For example, r can use laser to cut high-hardness, high-brittle, high-melting materials into complex three-dimensional parts, which is the advantage of laser cutting.
The main advantages of two laser cutting
1. Laser cutting is a non-contact optical thermal processing. It is known as the “universal tool that never wears outâ€. The workpiece can be placed in any form of tight discharge or tailoring, so that the raw materials can be fully utilized. Since it is non-contact processing, the processed parts do not have any deformation.
2. Laser cutting is highly efficient. Taking a 1 mm thick aluminum alloy plate as an example, the cutting speed can reach 40 m/min. High efficiency makes the cost per piece of machining down to a geometrical level even lower than traditional machining methods.
3. Laser cutting requires no tools or molds. Under the control of the computer, the flexible processing of the plate and shell parts of any shape in two dimensions and three dimensions can be directly realized. It is especially suitable for the processing of multi-variety and small batches of rice-gold parts in the development stage of new products. The costly mold design and manufacturing costs greatly shorten the production cycle.
4. Laser-cut slits are typically between 0.15-0.4 mm. The slit is smooth, burr-free and can even directly process the finished spur gear with a certain precision.
Third, the characteristics and application of laser welding
Laser welding is a high-speed, non-contact, minimally deformable welding method that is ideal for large-scale, continuous in-line machining. With the development of laser equipment and processing technology, laser welding capabilities are also increasing. At present, a 4 kW laser is used to weld a 1 mm plate with a welding speed of up to 20 m/min, such as the large-plate splicing and welding work of the car's bottom of the automobile industry. Laser welding methods mainly include conductive welding and penetration welding. At present, the global laser application is mainly based on penetration welding. Laser welding is one of the important aspects of LF2700Ha technology application under laser material processing laser.
Fourth, the advantages of laser welding
The first company to receive the title of “National Laser Laboratory†is Wuhan Farley Company. The main advantages of its laser welding machine compared with other welding technologies are:
1. The laser welding speed is fast and the weld has a large aspect ratio (up to 5-10) and small deformation.
2, it is very suitable for the processing of precision parts, box parts and welded parts with sealing requirements. The laser beam can be gathered to obtain a small spot and can be precisely positioned. It can be applied to large-scale automated production. Not only the production efficiency is greatly improved, but also the heat affected zone is small, and the solder joint is non-polluting, which greatly improves the quality of the solder.
3. The mechanical properties of the laser weld are good. The mechanical properties of the weld are stronger than the base metal.
4. There is no need for shielding or vacuum environment during welding, which is of great significance for industrial scale production.
5. Through the new technology of laser wire feeding and laser powder feeding, the application of laser industrialization is realized, and the application field of laser welding is opened up.
6. It is possible to weld hard-to-reach parts and perform non-contact long-distance welding. Especially in recent years, the use of optical fiber transmission technology in YAG laser processing technology has made laser welding technology more widely popularized and applied.
In short, laser welding has the following advantages: high strength and long life: high welding speed, high efficiency, lap joint interface, simple scrap rate, low positioning accuracy, suitable for industrial production, mainly used in military enterprises, food industry, chemical industry, petrochemical industry.
V. Typical application
1. Application of heat exchanger laser welding technology
Laser welding is widely used in the heat exchanger industry for its high reliability and high efficiency. The products of the heat exchanger industry generally have problems such as the complicated structure of the weld and the complicated working environment, which restricts the development of the product. The successful application of laser welding technology in this industry not only improves the competitiveness of the product, but also greatly reduces the manufacturing cost and production cycle. Foreign related products have been widely used on a large scale.
2. Application of laser welding in the switch industry
High-pressure sulphur hexafluoride switchgear is the leading product in the high-voltage switch industry. This product requires reliable sealing under natural conditions for more than 30 years. The traditional welding method not only has to face the deformation of the box after processing, the airtightness and the like, but also faces many problems such as low processing efficiency and high cost. Modularly designed 3D laser machining machine enables laser welding of switch boxes with curved surfaces
Special welding power control options, weld tracking system, programmable shielding gas system and laser wire feeding device make the welding quality fully meet the requirements of large-scale industrialization. The adoption of 3D programming software not only greatly improves efficiency but also minimizes scrap rates. Nowadays, the world's famous high-voltage switch manufacturers use TRUMPF's 3D laser processing equipment for cutting and welding applications. For example, in Europe, AU-Galbo, ABB and Siemens use Trump's three-dimensional equipment for high-pressure SF6. Cutting and welding of electrical cabinets. In the near future, there will be users in the switch industry in China for such applications.
3. Application of laser welding in gear processing
The process of laser welding gears fundamentally changes the traditional design and manufacturing concept to provide a better economic ratio and more compact structure for the processing of gearbox components. The use of laser welding gears requires the processing of the entire ring long tooth. The ring is then cut into a number of ring gears and then welded to the drive shaft according to the requirements of the gear box.
Laser processing technology has been widely used in many fields. With the deepening of laser processing technology, equipment and process research, it will have broader application prospects.
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