Wei Fengwu: Two foundation stone monuments

When people are old, they are happy to remember; they think deeply and are always grateful.

Wang Guangzu, Xia Yaofeng and Wei Fengwu (author), the three met in the 1950s. From 1957 to 1959, Wang Guangzu went to the former Soviet Union to study the manufacture of silicon carbide and corundum. In the meantime, Xia Yaofeng went to study in the former Democratic Germany. In the country, the author first studied ceramic abrasives, then studied corundum manufacturing, and then studied chemical analysis. In 1960, the state set the "121" top secret topic, to develop synthetic diamonds, Xia is the director of the abrasive research office, Wang is the main force of the subject, and Wei is the second-line full-time management staff. On December 6, 1963, the "121" research group at the Beijing General Machinery Institute (referred to as General Motors, later moved to Hefei), successfully developed the first synthetic diamond in China on the two-face press, achieving the "no" "Yes"; in 1966, completed the "intermediate test" on the six-face press, and built the intermediate test base in Zhengzhou Abrasives Grinding Research Institute (referred to as "Sanmao") of the First Ministry of Machinery Industry. 10,000 carats of synthetic diamonds; prepared the first "Manufacturing Regulations for Synthetic Diamonds" (a total of six volumes), which laid the foundation for the industrialization of synthetic diamonds in China. These two achievements, in the history of the development of synthetic diamonds in China, can be called the monument! This is the two major battles, casting "two cornerstones."

To be the "Made in Diamond" magazine (now known as "Diamond and Abrasives Engineering"), the author is one of the founders and former editor; Wang Guangzu gave strong support and was one of the main contributors and reviewers. Compiled the "Encyclopedia of China", the author is the organizer and responsible person of the abrasive grinding part of the mechanical engineering volume (including ordinary abrasives, superhard materials and coated abrasives), and the "diamond" entry of Wang. Wang, Xia He and the author often write articles, such as: "Thinking about the future development of China's synthetic diamonds - dedicated to the 35th anniversary of the birth of synthetic diamonds in China", "Several issues of high-grade diamond industrialization" and "establishing China's super The Hard Material Industry Association is imperative, and so on, to contribute to the development of the industry. Established the "China Mill Association" (the early stage contains ordinary abrasives, superhard materials and coated abrasives, and the latter is divided into three, that is, the current "milling association", "super association" and "coating association"), Xia Yaofeng It is the first secretary-general and Wei Fengwu is the second secretary-general.

From 2012 to 2013, he was fortunate to participate in the editorial work of the development history of China's Superhard Materials Industry 50 years. Wang is the director of the editorial board, Xia Hewei is a member, and the three are working together again. Editing and reviewing the development history of "China's super hard materials industry for 50 years" is such a major project that can be difficult to participate in. It is a lucky experience to participate in it, and it is full of joy after completion!

One person, who is fortunate enough to invest in the development of China's synthetic diamond industry, can participate in it and can contribute a small amount of power. That feeling can be said: blood flow, happiness, full of life, no regrets, heartfelt gratitude!

Second, the first one came out

The country’s construction is in urgent need of diamonds, and China’s natural resources are poor. It was mainly imported from the former Soviet Union and a certain African country before the 1960s. In 1960, Sino-Soviet relations were in ruin, and a country in Africa was coup, and the source of imports was cut off. The top leaders of the country made a decisive decision to develop synthetic diamonds. Under the care of the national leaders and the support of the relevant ministries and commissions, two scientific research teams were quickly established, namely: the Academy of Sciences system team, composed of the Institute of Physics and Geology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the industrial system team, the National Science and Technology Commission officially in October 1960 The "Artificial Diamond Test Research" project is a cutting-edge technology with strong confidentiality. The code name "121" is composed of a general department of the Ministry of Machinery, Sanma Institute, and the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Ministry of Geology (referred to as the Institute of Geosciences). This is not only an anti-blockade, anti-monopoly, anti-smuggling political battle, but also a high-tech contest between China and Western industrialized countries with backward science and technology and weak industrial base.

This article mainly talks about the industrial system team. This team has several advantages: the goal of concerted efforts is to get diamonds as quickly as possible; the processing conditions and construction strength are relatively strong; with Hu Enliang, Yu Hongchang, Wang Guangzu and Yao Yucheng as representatives, a large number of young people trained in New China Science and technology workers, in the difficult times of the country, dare to fight hard, hard work and hard work, to overcome difficulties, until victory!

Designing and manufacturing ultra-high pressure and high temperature devices is the main and key task to overcome the "121" project. Hu Enliang and others collected and analyzed foreign related materials, and decided to adopt a two-sided top structure device based on the principle of simplicity, quickness and reliability. In the design, the two problems of strength calculation and material selection were solved. In the second quarter of 1961, the complete set of drawings was completed and officially named "61 type ultra high pressure high temperature device". The first "61" device was born at the end of 1962, and built the first annual-wheel-type double-faced ultra-high pressure laboratory in China, which provided the most basic working conditions for the experimental research of diamond synthesis process.

Do not fight unprepared. Wang Guangzu and Yu Hongchang collected and read a large number of materials on how to produce ultra-high pressure and high temperature, how to grow diamonds, etc., and wrote "Basic Synthetic Process of Synthetic Diamonds". After thorough and detailed analysis, several sets of implementation plans were carefully designed. . On June 26, 1963, Wang Guangzu also made a report on the "Implementation Plan for Synthetic Diamond Synthesis Process", which was explained to the members of the research team. The participants were: Yu Hongchang, Lu Feixiong, Hu Enliang, Jin Qiuye, Xu Jinfeng, Yu Zhengmin, Sun Rongchuan, Zhou Jitang, Yao Yucheng, Liu Kaizhong, Xiong Wensong and Zhang Wenhua. In this way, we have brainstormed and clearly proposed: the theoretical basis for selecting catalysts, the purity of graphite is greater than 99.9%, and the temperature rise and boost program. This has laid a good foundation for the successful knocking of diamond synthesis technology in theory and raw material preparation.

China's first synthetic diamond came out. After more than two years of cooperation between GM, Sanmao and Geosciences, on the domestic 300-ton 61 double-sided top ultra-high pressure device, the No. 32 test bar uses high-purity graphite as the carbon source and nickel-chromium alloy as the catalyst. At 7.8GPa and 1375-1550 degrees Celsius, on December 6, 1963, the first synthetic diamond was successfully synthesized in China.

That night, when the 32nd synthetic rod was opened, a shiny crystal mysterious appeared, using it to score the glass and make a crisp squeak. This sound is a synthetic diamond coming to China, the oze of the wow! The soldiers at the scene suddenly boiled, the mountains shouted, we succeeded, we won!

After acid treatment and heavy liquid separation, the bright mystery reveals the true: yellow-green crystal with a particle size of 20-30 microns. The initial inspection by Sanmao and the re-inspection by the authoritative organization, X-ray analysis proves that the spectrum of this mysterious crystal is identical to that of natural diamond and Japanese synthetic diamond, confirming that the yellow-green crystal is our own synthetic diamond. !

"The first one to come out" allows us to declare to the world that after the United States, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the former Soviet Union and Japan, China has become the sixth country to join the world's "artificial diamond club" and completed the Chinese synthetic diamond from scratch. The foundation stone is the first milestone in the history of China's superhard materials development. Breaking through nothing, 彪 Bing Qing history!

Third, the industry started

Ultra high pressure and high temperature technology is the basis for the development and production of synthetic diamond. In the deployment of artificial diamond industrialization in China, according to the arrangement of a machine department, the soldiers were divided into two ways: with the representative of GM, continue to take the road of two-sided presses; Zhengzhou Sanmao and Jinan Foundry and Forging Machinery (abbreviation) As a representative of the casting and forging, take the new road of six-sided press. This article mainly talks about the latter.

In 1964, the Ministry of Machinery issued the "artificial diamond intermediate test" mission, undertaken by Jinan Casting and Forging, Zhengzhou Sanmao and Shanghai Materials. Therefore, the relevant scientific research soldiers camped in Jinan. In April 1964, the design and development of the DS-023 6×6MN hinged six-face press was started. Those involved in the research are: Casting and Forging Institute, Xue Xuexiong, Lu Naiqi, Wang Liude, Wen Xiaokang, etc., Sanmao Wang Guangzu, Yu Zhengmin, Yu Zhichao, Li Jinbao, Shao Dehou, Yan Juwu and Kong Lingchun.

General Manager Hu Enliang followed the instructions of the superiors. In June 1964, he went to the Jinan Casting and Forging Institute. He made his idea and design drawings of the 6×6MN six-sided top press (with no schematic drawings of construction requirements) to the “pilot” personnel. Detailed explanation. Lu Naiqi and Wang Liude made a lot of new designs on the drawings provided, and solved many problems in the process of processing, installation and debugging. The advent of China's first hinged six-face presses embodies their superb wisdom and hard work.

In the manufacturing installation and commissioning operation of the hinged six-face press, the problems are one after another, such as synchronization, centering, sealing, voltage regulation, etc., especially the ultra-high pressure chamber composed of six top hammers, which cannot be sealed. And the repeated "shooting", the most headache. The latter suddenly became a "roadblock", almost making the "pilot" into the "Yellow Zone", the direction is difficult to understand. The intelligent "pilot" comrades, day and night, sleepless nights, brainstorming, brainstorming, finally wisely "chamfer" the end of the hammer, so that the cross section of the seal is "wide and wide", and becomes "in the process of pressure" The wedge-shaped overflowing fluid makes it "self-sealing" and geniusly removes this odious "roadblocker". Too great, it is a magical pen! Some experts said: The design of the hinged six-face press is a major invention, which greatly reduces the barrier to entry and is the cornerstone of the vigorous development of China's superhard materials. This is the case, it makes sense! Some experts also said that the use of small chamfers to solve the key problem of top hammer ultra-high pressure sealing has played a decisive role in the normal operation of the hinged six-sided top press; it is undoubtedly a major contribution to the development of ultra-high pressure technology. Evaluation is fair, not bad!

The first hinged six-face press with Chinese characteristics, which was produced in May 1966, was successfully commissioned and immediately arrived in Zhengzhou on June 10. It was installed and commissioned and officially put into the process test on July 3. Wang Guangzu and others personally participated in the diamond synthesis process test on the first 6×6MN (ultra-high pressure oil pressure 150MPa, working cylinder diameter 230mm) hinged six-face press. In 1966, the production of synthetic diamonds of 10,000 carats not only tested the equipment, raw materials and complete process regulations, but also trained and trained talents, thus opening the prelude to the industrial production of synthetic diamonds in China.

Then, in order to transform scientific and technological achievements into productive forces as soon as possible, on the one hand, Sanmao fully utilized the newly built pilot test base, and almost all of its efforts, and it was mainly for scientific research and small production. At the same time, we are striving to promote the promotion of synthetic diamonds. The third grinding wheel factory, the first professional manufacturer of synthetic diamonds in China, was put into trial production at the end of 1969 by Sanmao participating in the site selection, design and provision of complete production technology and personnel training. In the process of promoting synthetic diamonds, Sanmao has printed a large number of promotional materials such as artificial diamonds and a complete set of basic technical and technical materials for artificial diamond production, and presented them to relevant units in the country. Unselfishly and unpaidly trained three or four hundred professional technicians and workers for dozens of units in the industry and metallurgical, geological, coal, petroleum and other systems. Thus, the production of synthetic diamonds in China is rapidly spreading throughout the country like polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon. Therefore, Zhengzhou has won the reputation of the birthplace of artificial diamond industrialization in China.

In the artificial diamond production plant or workshop, like spring and spring, in the craze of the Great Wall and the north and the south of the Great Wall, Professor Wang Guangzu not only attended the short training class for the three mills, but also invited many production plants, such as Wuhan. 712 Factory, Linyi No. 5 Grinding Wheel Factory, Anhui Luzhou City Diamond Group Company, Liaoning Yingkou Diamond Factory, Aerospace Industry General Bureau 7803 Factory, etc., held a lecture on the knowledge of synthetic diamond production technology, and unreservedly accumulated the synthetic technology accumulated in the actual production. The technical "truth" is taught to everyone. So many people in the industry said that Professor Wang Guangzu could be said to be "the peach and the plum".

China's first hinged six-face press with independent intellectual property rights and the results of "artificial diamond intermediate test" have created a new situation for the development of superhard materials in China, for the formation, development and growth of China's superhard materials industry. A major contribution has been made, which is the foundation stone of China's artificial diamond industrialization, and is the second milestone in the development history of China's superhard materials industry. The world looks up, the merits are boundless!

Fourth, the fight is not limited

Participating in the development of China's superhard materials "first come out" and "industry start", and many related units pushed by the follow-up force, almost all received the 1978 "National Science Conference" award or related provincial and municipal awards. This is the glory reward and affectionate encouragement that the party and the government have given us “super hard people”!

Fifty years have passed, and now China has developed into a veritable superhard material producing country and a major exporting country. Some areas have entered the ranks of powerful countries, and we are very happy! Although my generation is still awkward, I still want to continue to develop for the industry, do my part, and give some strength. In my lifetime, I willingly and fighting.

Mr. Wang Guangzu often said that in China's synthetic diamond business, it is not easy to "make bigger" and "stronger"; he also said that "strengthening" has not been successful, and colleagues still have to work hard. Wang Laoxiong has an oath, that is: if there is a future life, it will also engage in diamonds. Let us, let us share it!

* The text uses the materials of Hu Enliang, Wang Guangzu, Lu Naiqi and Xia Yaofeng and many other experts. Thank you very much, and please forgive me.

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