For this topic, Xiaobian and the industry do not have less communication, the more and deeper the insider is even more disturbing, I do not know how to write. Let’s start with the raw materials simply~
Binding agent
Resin powder VS flour
The main function of the binder as one of the three elements of the abrasive tool is to bond the abrasive particles together to make it an abrasive tool having a certain shape and strength. The bonding agent plays a decisive role in the hardness of the grinding tool. Among all the physical and mechanical properties of the grinding tool, the hardness can best reflect the grinding performance of the grinding tool. However, the anti-counterfeiting behavior of the binder is not uncommon in the industry.
Resin powder and resin liquid are important materials for bonding agents. According to industry insiders, some resin manufacturers are trying to reduce costs and make profits. The content of urotropine in the resin powder resin produced is insufficient or even mixed with flour in the resin powder. This has caused great trouble to the normal production of the abrasives enterprise. In the case of constant process, the hardness of the produced abrasives is not enough, which seriously affects the grinding performance of the products. After adjusting the abrasive production process for the adulterated resin powder, the resin factory provides qualified resin powder. The hardness of the abrasive tool is too high.
Resin powder and flour are white powder. The market price of one ton of resin powder is about 12,000, and the price of one ton of flour is calculated by 3,000. The difference between the two is 4 times. Of course, the resin manufacturers' adulteration methods are also relatively concealed, not every batch is mixed, and not all of the same batch of products are adulterated, which brings certain difficulties to the quality inspection of the abrasive tools manufacturers.
Alumina bauxite
Low grade VS high grade
Alumina bauxite is the main raw material for smelting brown fused alumina. The main chemical components are alumina and silica. There are also other requirements for firmness, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.
In the past, brown fused alumina smelting companies usually required aluminum oxide to have a chemical content of not less than 85 (silicon content of 4.0 or less). At present, it is basically difficult to buy the real 85 mines in the market, most of which are 80 to 83 mines (silicon content of 7.0 or more). The first reason is that high-quality bauxite resources are becoming increasingly scarce with years of mining; secondly, due to environmental pressures, most of the mining and mining operations have been discontinued, and most of the kiln kiln has been forced to shut down due to environmental failure. This has caused a tight supply of bauxite in the market. Most bauxite manufacturers are shoddy, and the ratio of aluminum to silicon is also falling, resulting in difficult operation of corundum smelting, prolonged time, increased power consumption, and rising production costs.
In fact, there is no such thing as true or false aluminum bauxite. The key lies in the chemical content, the grade, and whether it is shoddy.
Brown corundum
Brown corundum VS garnet
Due to the similar color and chemical composition, we will feel angry when it comes to the production of secondary sand, tertiary sand or even furnace skin in brown fused alumina abrasives, and the use of garnet as primary sand is People have pointed out that this situation has not happened in the industry. Driven by the interests, some black-hearted manufacturers will not hesitate to make a profit.
Both brown fused alumina abrasives and garnet abrasives are widely used abrasives. The main chemical composition of brown fused alumina is Al2O3, which is 95.00%-97.00%. It also contains a small amount of oxides such as Fe, Si and Ti. Brown and black. The main chemical components of garnet include SiO2 (36-40%), Al2O3 (20-24%), FeO (22-24%), and other components such as Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, CaO, etc. The color is divided into brown, black and red. , green, etc.
In terms of genesis, brown fused alumina is made from alumina, iron filings, and coke (anthracite) by melting and reduction in an electric arc furnace; garnet is a natural non-metallic ore.
In terms of physicochemical properties, the brown fused alumina Al2O3 content is high, the hardness is about 9.0, the fire resistance is good, and the garnet Al2O3 content is lower, the hardness is 7.5-8.0, and the corrosion resistance is better. In the field of sand blasting, garnet abrasive can not only remove the effect, but also protect the blasting object without scratches. Its performance is better than brown fused alumina; but in the manufacture of abrasive tools, brown fused alumina has excellent wear resistance. In garnet.
In terms of cost price, garnet abrasive is made from natural rough stone, and the price is lower; brown fused alumina is made of bauxite, coke, iron filings, etc., which are mixed and melted according to a certain ratio. The production cost is obviously higher than that of pomegranate. Stone, the market price is also high.
Silicon carbide
Black silicon carbide VS green silicon carbide
Silicon carbide (SiC) is produced by high-temperature smelting of electric furnaces such as quartz sand, petroleum coke (or coal char), and wood chips (which require the addition of salt when producing green silicon carbide). The national standards for abrasive grade black and green silicon carbide are similar. At the same time, the carbon source of one of the raw materials used for smelting silicon carbide, such as petroleum coke, anthracite, coal char, etc., also creates various possibilities for doping.
Note: The above standard is GB/T 2480-2008
There are several possibilities for "doping" of silicon carbide:
1. The shoddy of similar products. For example, three-stage silicon carbide is incorporated into the first-grade product; considering the cost problem, the cost of smelting silicon carbide will vary depending on the price of petroleum coke, coal char, and anthracite, and carbonization of different carbon sources may occur. Doping between silicon; recycled materials and even dusting powders are incorporated into new materials.
2. Doping between different types of products. In general, the price of black silicon carbide is much cheaper than that of green silicon carbide. The incorporation of black silicon carbide in green silicon carbide is also a common means of fraud. It can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2 that the SiC content in black silicon carbide is slightly lower than that of green silicon carbide. The black hardness of black silicon carbide is 3100-3300, and the green silicon carbide is 3200-3400. Overall, black silicon carbide The grinding performance is worse than that of green silicon carbide.
3, glass powder adulteration
The main component of quartz glass is SiO2, the main component of silicon carbide is SiC, which contains Si element; the appearance of green silicon carbide is green translucent, and the quartz glass powder is transparent or translucent. The similarity of chemical composition and color is similar to the incorporation of glass powder into silicon carbide.
Of course, the above " adulteration" behavior has a certain degree of attention, how much the proportion has a "normative" operation, and finally the instrument test results are qualified as the finished product. Appropriate blending method has little effect on the detection of chemical components, but it is obviously not wearable and not sharp when it is used by grinding users.
Diamond
Yellow material VS green material, black material
Diamond abrasives are roughly classified into high-grade materials (high-grade materials) and low-grade materials (low-grade materials). The high-tech material is also called yellow material. The raw material has low impurity content and long production process time. Usually, the press keeps pressure for more than 20 minutes. The low-tech materials include green material and black material, and green material is also called two-yellow material. Short, the general press keeps pressure within 10 minutes. Yellow material, green material and black material have different ash content and strength due to different impurity content and process of raw materials, and the final diamond tool use effect is definitely different.
The price and profit have led to the existence of fraud and adulteration in some enterprises, and the means of adulteration and falsification of corundum and silicon carbide are similar. According to industry insiders, during the market of diamond wire saws last year and the shortage of diamonds for wire saws, some manufacturers took risks and incorporated recycled materials and “fake materials†into new diamond materials. The diamond wire saws produced were not sharp enough. It is easy to break the line, which brings a lot of trouble to the downstream slicing manufacturers, once talking about the "material" color change. (PS: It may also be the reason for plating)
The above are just a few of the listed cases. In the abrasives industry, the raw materials of abrasives and other raw material suppliers are distressing (even the procurement of abrasive products manufacturing companies, the quality inspection departments and the raw materials companies colluding with fake and adulterated). What is desperate is that some downstream manufacturers, such as abrasive products, actively demand raw materials suppliers to make fraud and adulteration, in order to reduce production costs and fight price wars. In the abrasives industry, the poor stability of the products is criticized, which may be related to fraud and adulteration.
Nowadays, enterprises must deal with the most stringent environmental supervision in history, but also deal with fierce market competition. There are production cards, and the market is blocked. The days of real enterprises are really bad, but relying on fraud and adulteration. Just a glimpse of greed. People do not believe, do not know what they can; lack of trust, peace of mind? If you are not honest, you will not get the integrity from others. The same is true for enterprises. Only in good faith management, casting brands, winning by quality, enterprises can go further, and the industry can be standardized, healthy and high-quality development. How to make fraud and adulteration have no place? This requires the joint efforts of suppliers, production companies, relevant functional departments and the majority of downstream users to strengthen supervision and emphasize self-discipline. At the same time, the development of the current industry needs innovation. Some of the far-sighted enterprises have been on the road of research and development of alternative materials and innovative production processes, reducing production costs, improving work efficiency and enhancing market competitiveness by reducing processes.
(In view of the limited knowledge of Xiaobian, the text is not appropriate, welcome experts to shoot bricks!)
In the ordinary abrasives, coated abrasives, superhard materials industry, what anti-counterfeiting and adulteration experience have you encountered?
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